Did Islam have some kind of Renaissance-era?

[DetlefK]

6. Did this "science" allow the possibility that religious explanations could be wrong?

For example, the research done during the European Renaissance was not about discovering.
It was about trying to find practical applications and examples for the theoretical predictions in religious and esoteric writings. The research was never meant to doubt or test the theoretical predictions.

That's why I hesitate to call the islamic Middle-Age researchers "scientists".
It's like this hodge-podge stand some Christians have on evolution: Small changes are thinkable, because they are supported by evidence. Big changes are unthinkable, because it would go against the Bible.
Similarly, experiments on optics are nice and all, but they make no claims about the wider world.

This concept that nothing is beyond doubt, that is why the "scientific method" so different from other modes of research. I do not know whether the medieval arabic researchers went that far that they would begin to doubt the Quran. But in Europe it took all in all about 3 centuries of failures, frustrations and intellectual crisis until the scholars came to the conclusion that the only way to make it work would be to doubt religious teachings.

I do not doubt that arabic researchers made important contributions. I do doubt that their method was the "scientific method".